Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of participants, study equipment, and stimulation methods.

Article Snippet: Kenefati G et al. (2023) [ ] , Chronic pain group (CLBP) (pain > 6 mo, w/score > 4 on an 11–point pain scale) HC (no chronic pain) Age: 18–75 [CLBP Analysis: 15 participants] [Control Analysis: 15 participants] , High density EEG cap (Quick–Cap Neo Net, Compumedics Neuroscan, Charlotte, NC, USA) 64 Channels , Blindfolded w/mask Two sessions (5 min each) Recording A: eyes open Recording B: eyes closed [1000 Hz] , EOG Time–Frequency Representations , Weighted Mechanical Pinprick Stimulators (MRC Systems GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany): force of 32 mN and 256 mN, ~10 trials per force, interstimulus (10 s) , NRS: 0 = “no pain”, 10 = “worst imaginable pain”.

Techniques: Sampling, Blocking Assay, Isolation, Biomarker Discovery, Injection, Software, Control, Activity Assay, Western Blot, Inhibition, Tomography

Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: A visual summary of the different methods used to induce pain states experimentally: a CO 2 laser is used as a heat stimulus, but similar effects can be achieved through the CHEPS. The participant’s hand is submerged in ice water for the CPT method. Intra-epidermal electrical stimulation consists of needles that penetrate the skin to deliver electrical stimuli. Mechanical stimulation often consists of using a weighted pinprick or a probe to apply pressure to the skin. Nerve growth factor is used to increase pain sensitivity around the area of injection by decreasing pain thresholds. This is why it may be paired with one of the other mentioned techniques.

Article Snippet: Kenefati G et al. (2023) [ ] , Chronic pain group (CLBP) (pain > 6 mo, w/score > 4 on an 11–point pain scale) HC (no chronic pain) Age: 18–75 [CLBP Analysis: 15 participants] [Control Analysis: 15 participants] , High density EEG cap (Quick–Cap Neo Net, Compumedics Neuroscan, Charlotte, NC, USA) 64 Channels , Blindfolded w/mask Two sessions (5 min each) Recording A: eyes open Recording B: eyes closed [1000 Hz] , EOG Time–Frequency Representations , Weighted Mechanical Pinprick Stimulators (MRC Systems GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany): force of 32 mN and 256 mN, ~10 trials per force, interstimulus (10 s) , NRS: 0 = “no pain”, 10 = “worst imaginable pain”.

Techniques: Injection